How Is Power Transferred In A Constitutional Monarchy

Type of monarchy in which ability is restricted by a constitution

A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a grade of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their potency in accordance with a constitution and is not lonely in deciding.^[1] Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies (in which a monarch whether limited by a constitution or not is the simply 1 to decide) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities inside limits prescribed past an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such every bit Liechtenstein, Monaco, Kingdom of morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as Australia, the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, Canada, the netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Malaysia, and Japan, where the monarch retains significantly less personal discretion in the exercise of their authorization.

ⁱ This map was compiled co-ordinate to the Wikipedia list of countries past system of government. See there for sources.
² Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described past outsiders as disciplinarian states. This map presents simply the de jure course of regime, and not the de facto caste of democracy.

Ramble monarchy may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-political party political head of land nether the constitution, whether written or unwritten.^[2] While near monarchs may agree formal authority and the authorities may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the course typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets public policy or chooses political leaders. Political scientist Vernon Bogdanor, paraphrasing Thomas Macaulay, has defined a constitutional monarch equally "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".^[3]

In addition to acting equally a visible symbol of national unity, a constitutional monarch may hold formal powers such as dissolving parliament or giving purple assent to legislation. Notwithstanding, such powers generally may only be exercised strictly in accordance with either written constitutional principles or unwritten constitutional conventions, rather than any personal political preferences of the sovereign. In The English Constitution, British political theorist Walter Bagehot identified three main political rights which a constitutional monarch may freely exercise: the correct to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the correct to warn. Many constitutional monarchies notwithstanding retain significant authorities or political influence, however, such every bit through sure reserve powers and who may also play an important political role.

The United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms are all constitutional monarchies in the Westminster system of ramble governance. Two constitutional monarchies – Malaysia and Cambodia – are elective monarchies, wherein the ruler is periodically selected by a modest electoral college.

Strongly limited ramble monarchies, such equally the United Kingdom and Australia, accept been referred to equally crowned republics by writers H. 1000. Wells and Glenn Patmore.^[4] ^[5]

The concept of semi-constitutional monarch identifies constitutional monarchies where the monarch retains substantial powers, on a par with a president in the semi-presidential system.^[half-dozen] Equally a result, constitutional monarchies where the monarch has a largely formalism function may also be referred to as 'parliamentary monarchies' to differentiate them from semi-constitutional monarchies.^[7]

History [edit]

The oldest ramble monarchy dating back to aboriginal times was that of the Hittites. They were an aboriginal Anatolian people that lived during the Bronze Age whose king or queen had to share their authority with an assembly, called the Panku, which was the equivalent to a modern-day deliberative associates or a legislature. Members of the Panku came from scattered noble families who worked equally representatives of their subjects in an aide or subaltern federal-type mural.^[8] ^{[ better source needed ]} ^[ix]

Constitutional and absolute monarchy [edit]

England, Scotland and the United Kingdom [edit]

In the Kingdom of England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 furthered the constitutional monarchy, restricted past laws such every bit the Beak of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, although the first course of constitution was enacted with the Magna Carta of 1215. At the same time, in Scotland, the Convention of Estates enacted the Merits of Right Act 1689, which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy.

Although Queen Anne was the terminal monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when, on 11 March 1708, she blocked the Scottish Militia Beak, Hanoverian monarchs continued to selectively dictate regime policies. For instance King George Three constantly blocked Catholic Emancipation, eventually precipitating the resignation of William Pitt the Younger as prime number minister in 1801.^[10] The sovereign's influence on the choice of prime minister gradually declined over this period, King William Iv being the last monarch to dismiss a prime minister, when in 1834 he removed Lord Melbourne as a result of Melbourne's choice of Lord John Russell every bit Leader of the Firm of Commons.^[11] ^[12] Queen Victoria was the last monarch to do real personal ability, but this diminished over the course of her reign. In 1839, she became the last sovereign to go on a prime minister in power against the will of Parliament when the Bedchamber crisis resulted in the memory of Lord Melbourne's administration.^[13] By the end of her reign, however, she could do nothing to block the unacceptable (to her) premierships of William Gladstone, although she still exercised power in appointments to the Cabinet, for example in 1886 preventing Gladstone'south choice of Hugh Childers as War Secretary in favour of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman.^[14]

Today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively formalism.^[15] Instead, the British Parliament and the Government – chiefly in the function of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom – exercise their powers under "Majestic (or Crown) Prerogative": on behalf of the monarch and through powers yet formally possessed by the Monarch.^[16] ^[17]

No person may accept significant public function without swearing an adjuration of allegiance to the Queen.^[18] With few exceptions, the monarch is jump by constitutional convention to act on the advice of the Government.

Continental Europe [edit]

Poland developed the first constitution for a monarchy in continental Europe, with the Constitution of iii May 1791; information technology was the second single-document constitution in the world just later the starting time republican Constitution of the United States. Constitutional monarchy also occurred briefly in the early years of the French Revolution, merely much more widely afterwards. Napoleon Bonaparte is considered the first monarch proclaiming himself equally an apotheosis of the nation, rather than as a divinely appointed ruler; this interpretation of monarchy is germane to continental constitutional monarchies. German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, in his work Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820), gave the concept a philosophical justification that concurred with evolving contemporary political theory and the Protestant Christian view of natural police.^[19] Hegel's forecast of a constitutional monarch with very limited powers whose function is to embody the national character and provide ramble continuity in times of emergency was reflected in the evolution of ramble monarchies in Europe and Japan.^[19]

Executive monarchy versus ceremonial monarchy [edit]

There exist at least two different types of constitutional monarchies in the modern world — executive and ceremonial. In executive monarchies, the monarch wields significant (though not accented) ability. The monarchy under this arrangement of authorities is a powerful political (and social) institution. By dissimilarity, in ceremonial monarchies, the monarch holds little or no actual ability or directly political influence, though they oft have a great deal of social and cultural influence.

Executive ramble monarchies: Bhutan, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Qatar, and Tonga.

Ceremonial constitutional monarchies (informally referred to equally crowned republics): Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Belgium, Belize, Cambodia, Canada, Denmark, Grenada, Jamaica, Nippon, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Malaysia, holland, New Zealand, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Tuvalu and the United Kingdom.

Ceremonial and executive monarchy, should not be confused with democratic and not-democratic monarchical systems. For case, in Liechtenstein and Monaco, the ruling monarchs wield meaning executive power. All the same, they are not absolute monarchs, and these countries are generally reckoned equally democracies.

Modern constitutional monarchy [edit]

As originally conceived, a constitutional monarch was head of the executive co-operative and quite a powerful effigy even though his or her power was limited by the constitution and the elected parliament. Some of the framers of the U.Due south. Constitution may accept envisioned the president every bit an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was then understood, following Montesquieu's account of the separation of powers.^[20]

The present-day concept of a constitutional monarchy developed in the Britain, where the democratically elected parliaments, and their leader, the prime minister, practice ability, with the monarchs having ceded ability and remaining as a titular position. In many cases the monarchs, while still at the very top of the political and social hierarchy, were given the condition of "servants of the people" to reflect the new, egalitarian position. In the course of French republic's July Monarchy, Louis-Philippe I was styled "King of the French" rather than "King of French republic".

Following the Unification of Germany, Otto von Bismarck rejected the British model. In the constitutional monarchy established under the Constitution of the German Empire which Bismarck inspired, the Kaiser retained considerable actual executive ability, while the Imperial Chancellor needed no parliamentary vote of conviction and ruled solely by the regal mandate. Notwithstanding, this model of ramble monarchy was discredited and abolished following Germany'south defeat in the First World War. Later, Fascist Italian republic could also be considered a constitutional monarchy, in that in that location was a king as the titular caput of state while actual power was held by Benito Mussolini under a constitution. This eventually discredited the Italian monarchy and led to its abolition in 1946. After the Second Earth State of war, surviving European monarchies almost invariably adopted some variant of the constitutional monarchy model originally developed in United kingdom.

Present a parliamentary democracy that is a ramble monarchy is considered to differ from ane that is a commonwealth just in detail rather than in substance. In both cases, the titular caput of country—monarch or president—serves the traditional role of embodying and representing the nation, while the government is carried on by a cabinet composed predominantly of elected Members of Parliament.

However, iii of import factors distinguish monarchies such as the United Kingdom from systems where greater power might otherwise balance with Parliament. These are: the Majestic Prerogative under which the monarch may practise power nether certain very limited circumstances; Sovereign Amnesty under which the monarch may do no wrong under the law considering the responsible government is instead deemed accountable; and the monarch may not exist subject to the same revenue enhancement or holding use restrictions every bit most citizens. Other privileges may be nominal or ceremonial (due east.g., where the executive, judiciary, police or armed forces act on the potency of or owe allegiance to the Crown).

Today slightly more than than a quarter of constitutional monarchies are Western European countries, including the Uk, Spain, the netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, Monaco, Liechtenstein and Sweden. However, the two near populous constitutional monarchies in the globe are in Asia: Japan and Thailand. In these countries, the prime number minister holds the day-to-twenty-four hour period powers of governance, while the monarch retains residual (but non ever insignificant) powers. The powers of the monarch differ betwixt countries. In Denmark and in Belgium, for example, the Monarch formally appoints a representative to preside over the creation of a coalition regime following a parliamentary election, while in Norway the King chairs special meetings of the cabinet.

In nearly all cases, the monarch is still the nominal chief executive but is bound by convention to act on the communication of the Chiffonier. Merely a few monarchies (well-nigh notably Japan and Sweden) have amended their constitutions and so that the monarch is no longer even the nominal chief executive.

There are 15 ramble monarchies under Queen Elizabeth II, which are known as Republic realms.^[21] Unlike some of their continental European counterparts, the Monarch and her Governors-General in the Republic realms hold significant "reserve" or "prerogative" powers, to be wielded in times of extreme emergency or constitutional crises, usually to uphold parliamentary government. An example of a Governor-General exercising such power occurred during the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, when the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed by the Governor-General. The Australian Senate had threatened to block the Government's budget by refusing to pass the necessary cribbing bills. On 11 November 1975, Whitlam intended to call a half-Senate ballot in an attempt to interruption the deadlock. When he sought the Governor-General's approving of the election, the Governor-General instead dismissed him as Prime Minister. Shortly after that installed leader of the opposition Malcolm Fraser in his identify. Acting speedily before all parliamentarians became enlightened of the government change, Fraser and his allies secured passage of the appropriation bills, and the Governor-General dissolved Parliament for a double dissolution ballot. Fraser and his government were returned with a massive majority. This led to much speculation among Whitlam'due south supporters equally to whether this use of the Governor-Full general'southward reserve powers was appropriate, and whether Australia should become a commonwealth. Among supporters of constitutional monarchy, still, the experience confirmed the monarchy's value as a source of checks and balances against elected politicians who might seek powers in backlog of those conferred by the constitution, and ultimately every bit a safeguard against dictatorship.

In Thailand'due south constitutional monarchy, the monarch is recognized as the Caput of Country, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist Organized religion, and Defender of the Faith. The firsthand one-time Male monarch, Bhumibol Adulyadej, was the longest-reigning monarch in the world and in all of Thailand'south history, earlier passing away on xiii October 2016.^[22] Bhumibol reigned through several political changes in the Thai government. He played an influential part in each incident, often acting as mediator between disputing political opponents. (Encounter Bhumibol's role in Thai Politics.) Among the powers retained past the Thai monarch under the constitution, lèse majesté protects the image of the monarch and enables him to play a part in politics. It carries strict criminal penalties for violators. Generally, the Thai people were reverent of Bhumibol. Much of his social influence arose from this reverence and from the socioeconomic improvement efforts undertaken by the royal family.

In the Great britain, a frequent debate centres on when it is appropriate for a British monarch to act. When a monarch does deed, political controversy can oftentimes ensue, partially because the neutrality of the crown is seen to be compromised in favour of a partisan goal, while some political scientists champion the idea of an "interventionist monarch" as a check against possible illegal action past politicians. For example, the monarch of the United Kingdom tin can theoretically exercise an absolute veto over legislation by withholding royal assent. All the same, no monarch has done so since 1708, and it is widely believed that this and many of the monarch'due south other political powers are lapsed powers.

There are currently 43 monarchies worldwide.

Listing of electric current ramble monarchies [edit]

Parliamentary constitutional monarchies [edit]

Semi-constitutional monarchies [edit]

Sometime constitutional monarchies [edit]

The Anglo-Corsican Kingdom was a brief period in the history of Corsica (1794–1796) when the island broke with Revolutionary France and sought military machine protection from Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Corsica became an independent kingdom nether George III of the Britain, only with its own elected parliament and a written constitution guaranteeing local autonomy and democratic rights.
Barbados from gaining its independence in 1966 until 2021, was a ramble monarchy in the Commonwealth of Nations with a Governor-General representing the Monarchy of Barbados. After an extensive history of republican movements, a republic was declared on xxx November 2021.
Brazil from 1822, with the proclamation of independence and rise of the Empire of Brazil by Pedro I of Brazil to 1889, when Pedro Two was deposed by a armed services insurrection.
Kingdom of Bulgaria until 1946 when Tsar Simeon was deposed past the communist assembly.
Many republics in the Commonwealth of Nations were constitutional monarchies for some period after their independence, including South Africa (1910-1964), Ceylon from 1948 to 1972 (at present Sri Lanka), Republic of the fiji islands (1970–1987), The gambia (1965–1970), Ghana (1957–1960), Guyana (1966–1970), Trinidad and Tobago (1962–1976), and Barbados (1966-2021).
The Grand Principality of Finland was a constitutional monarchy though its ruler, Alexander I, was simultaneously an despot and absolute ruler in Russian federation.
France, several times from 1789 through the 19th century. The transformation of the Estates General of 1789 into the National Assembly initiated an advertising-hoc transition from the absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime to a new ramble system. France formally became an executive ramble monarchy with the promulgation of the French Constitution of 1791, which took effect on one Oct of that year. This showtime French constitutional monarchy was short-lived, catastrophe with the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of the French First Commonwealth afterward the Insurrection of x Baronial 1792. Several years later, in 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in what was ostensibly a ramble monarchy, though modern historians ofttimes call his reign every bit an absolute monarchy.^{[ commendation needed ]} The Bourbon Restoration (under Louis XVIII and Charles X), the July Monarchy (under Louis-Philippe), and the 2nd Empire (nether Napoleon III) were likewise constitutional monarchies, although the power of the monarch varied considerably between them and sometimes within them.
The German Empire from 1871 to 1918, (likewise as before confederations, and the monarchies information technology consisted of) was also a constitutional monarchy—see Constitution of the High german Empire.
Hellenic republic until 1973 when Constantine Two was deposed by the armed services government. The decision was formalized past a plebiscite eight Dec 1974.
Hawaii, which was an absolute monarchy from its founding in 1810, transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 1840 when King Kamehameha 3 promulgated the kingdom'south offset constitution. This constitutional grade of regime continued until the monarchy was overthrown in an 1893 coup.
The Kingdom of Hungary. In 1848–1849 and 1867–1918 as part of Austro-hungarian empire. In the interwar period (1920–1944) Hungary remained a constitutional monarchy without a reigning monarch.
Iceland. The Act of Union, a 1 Dec 1918 agreement with Kingdom of denmark, established Iceland as a sovereign kingdom united with Denmark under a common king. Iceland abolished the monarchy and became a republic on 17 June 1944 after the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 24 May 1944.
India was a constitutional monarchy, with George Six equally head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general, for a brief period betwixt gaining its independence from the British on 15 Baronial 1947 and becoming a republic when it adopted its constitution on 26 January 1950, henceforth historic as Republic Day.
Iran nether Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was a ramble monarchy, which had been originally established during the Western farsi Constitutional Revolution in 1906.
Italian republic until 2 June 1946, when a plebiscite proclaimed the finish of the Kingdom and the kickoff of the Republic.
The Kingdom of Lao people's democratic republic was a constitutional monarchy until 1975, when Sisavang Vatthana was forced to abdicate by the communist Pathet Lao.
Malta was a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth 2 as Queen of Republic of malta, represented by a Governor-Full general appointed by her, for the start ten years of independence from 21 September 1964 to the annunciation of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.
Mexico was twice an Empire. The Outset Mexican Empire was from 19 May 1822, to 19 March 1823, with Agustín de Iturbide serving as emperor. Then, with the aid of the Austrian and Spanish crowns, Napoleon Iii of France installed Maximilian of Austria as Emperor of Mexico. This attempt to create a European-style monarchy lasted iii years, from 1864 to 1867.
Montenegro until 1918 when it merged with Serbia and other areas to form Yugoslavia.
Nepal until 28 May 2008, when King Gyanendra was deposed, and the Federal Democratic Commonwealth of Nepal was alleged.
Ottoman Empire from 1876 until 1878 and over again from 1908 until the dissolution of the empire in 1922.
Pakistan was a constitutional monarchy for a brief catamenia between gaining its independence from the British on 14 August 1947 and becoming a republic when it adopted the outset Constitution of Pakistan on 23 March 1956. The Dominion of Pakistan had a total of two monarchs (George Six and Elizabeth II) and four Governor-Generals (Muhammad Ali Jinnah being the beginning). Democracy Day (or Pakistan Day) is celebrated every yr on 23 March to commemorate the adoption of its Constitution and the transition of the Rule of Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
The Kingdom of Afghanistan was a constitutional monarchy nether Mohammad Zahir Shah until 1973.
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formed afterwards the Wedlock of Lublin in 1569 and lasting until the final partition of the land in 1795, operated much like many modern European constitutional monarchies (into which it was officially changed by the establishment of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, which historian Norman Davies calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe").^[23] The legislators of the unified state truly did not run across information technology equally a monarchy at all, but as a commonwealth nether the presidency of the King . Poland–Lithuania too followed the principle of Rex regnat et non gubernat , had a bicameral parliament, and a collection of entrenched legal documents amounting to a constitution forth the lines of the mod United Kingdom. The Male monarch was elected, and had the duty of maintaining the people'southward rights.
Kingdom of Republic of albania from 1928 until 1939, Albania was a Constitutional Monarchy ruled past the House of Zogu, King Zog I.
Portugal was a monarchy since 1139 and a ramble monarchy from 1822 to 1828, and again from 1834 until 1910, when Manuel Ii was overthrown by a war machine coup. From 1815 to 1825 it was part of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves which was a constitutional monarchy for the years 1820–23.
Kingdom of Romania From its institution in 1881 until 1947 when Michael I was forced to abdicate by the communists.
Kingdom of Serbia from 1882 until 1918, when it merged with the Country of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into the unitary Yugoslav Kingdom, that was led past the Serbian Karadjordjevic dynasty.
Trinidad and Tobago was a ramble monarchy with Elizabeth Two as Queen of Trinidad and Tobago, represented by a Governor-General appointed by her, for the outset fourteen years of independence from 31 August 1962 to the declaration of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on one August 1976. Republic Twenty-four hours is celebrated every year on 24 September.
Yugoslavia from 1918 (every bit Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) until 1929 and from 1931 (equally Kingdom of Yugoslavia) until 1944 when under pressure from the Allies Peter Two recognized the communist government.

Unique ramble monarchies [edit]

Andorra is a diarchy, existence headed by two co-princes: the bishop of Urgell and the president of French republic.
Andorra, Monaco and Liechtenstein are the only countries with reigning princes.
Kingdom of belgium is the only remaining explicit popular monarchy, the formal championship of its rex being king of the Belgians rather than male monarch of Belgium. Historically, several defunct constitutional monarchies followed this model; the Belgian formulation is recognized to accept been modelled on the title "King of the French" the Charter of 1830 granted the monarch of the July Monarchy.
Japan is the only country remaining with an emperor.^[24]
Grand duchy of luxembourg is the simply country remaining with a thousand duke.
Malaysia is a federal country with an elective monarchy, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, existence selected from amongst 9 land rulers who are also constitutional monarchs themselves.
Spain. The Constitution of Spain does not even recognize the monarch as sovereign, but just as the caput of state, per Article 56. Article 1, Section ii, states that "the national sovereignty is vested in the Spanish people".^[25]
United Arab Emirates is a federal land with an constituent monarchy, the President or Ra'is, being selected from amidst the rulers of the seven emirates, who are accented monarchs in their own emirate.
Yogyakarta Sultanate and Pakualaman Principality are ii monarchies that remain in ability inside the presidential republic of Indonesia. When Indonesia proclaimed independence from kingdom of the netherlands, both kingdoms gave up their state status and joined the Republic of Indonesia, so the two kingdoms merged into the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The region is governed by Sultan Hamengkubuwono every bit the Governor and Prince Paku Alam as the Vice Governor.

See likewise [edit]

Australian Monarchist League
Criticism of monarchy
Monarchism
Figurehead

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

^ Blum, Cameron & Barnes 1970, pp. 2Nnk67–268.
^ Kurian 2011, p.^{[ page needed ]}.
^ Bogdanor 1996, pp. 407–422.
^ "64. The British Empire in 1914. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Curt History of the World". bartleby.com . Retrieved 27 April 2021.
^ Patmore, Glenn (2009). Choosing the Republic. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. p. 105. ISBN978-one-74223-200-3. OCLC 635291529.
^ Anckar, Carsten; Akademi, Åbo (2016). "Semi presidential systems and semi ramble monarchies: A historical cess of executive power-sharing". European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR). Retrieved 14 August 2019.
^ Grote, Rainer (2016). "Parliamentary Monarchy". Oxford Constitutional Police. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Ramble Police (MPECCoL). doi:x.1093/law:mpeccol/e408.013.408. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
^ "The Hittites", smie.co, 12 September 2008
^ Akurgal 2001, p. 118.
^ Hague, William (2004). William Pitt the Younger (1st ed.). London: HarperCollins. pp. 469–72. ISBN0007147198.
^ Hurd, Douglas (2007). Robert Peel - a biography (1st ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 169–lxx. ISBN9780297848448.
^ Mitchell, 50.G. (1997). Lord Melbourne 1779-1848 (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Printing. p. 147. ISBN0198205929.
^ Mitchell, L.Chiliad. (1997). Lord Melbourne 1779-1848 (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 241–2. ISBN0198205929.
^ Wilson, John (1973). CB - A life of Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1st ed.). London: Constable and Company Limited. pp. 161–2. ISBN009458950X.
^ Royal Household staff 2015a. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoyal_Household_staff2015a (assistance)
^ Dunt 2015.
^ Parliamentary staff 2010. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFParliamentary_staff2010 (aid)
^ Sear 2001, p. three.
^ ^a ^b Hegel 1991, p.^{[ page needed ]}.
^ Montesquieu 1924, p.^{[ page needed ]}.
^ Royal Household staff 2015b. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoyal_Household_staff2015b (assistance)
^ Dewan, Angela. "Thai Male monarch Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88". CNN Regions+. CNN. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
^ Davies 1996, p. 699.
^ "The Imperial Establishment - The Regal Household Agency". www.kunaicho.go.jp.
^ Index. Constitution of Kingdom of spain, Congress of Deputies

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